General Awareness Indian National Movement (II) The Gandhian Era
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THE SWADESHI AND BOYCOTT MOVEMENTS

`color{purple}ul{"The Swadeshi and Boycott Movements "(1905-1908)}`

`color{green} ✍️` This movement had its origin in the anti-partition movement of Bengal.

`color{green} ✍️` Lal, Bal, Pal and Aurobindo Ghosh played an important role.

`color{green} ✍️` Mass boycotts were held all over Bengal, where the use of Indian goods was encouraged and the boycott of British goods was pledged.

`color{green} ✍️` People gathered at the cross roads and burnt the imported clothes that they had. Crowds also picketed the shops selling foreign goods.

Formation of Muslim League

`color{green} ✍️` Set-up in 1906 under the leadership of Agha Khan, Nawab Salimullah of Dhaka, and Nawab Mohsin-ul-Mulk.

`color{green} ✍️` It supported Partition of Bengal, opposed the Swadeshi Movement, demanded special safeguards for its community and separate electorates for Muslims.

`color{green} ✍️` This led to communal differences between the Hindus and the Muslims.

Surat Split

`color{green} ✍️` The INC split into two groups during the session at Surat in 1907.

`color{green} ✍️` At the Surat Split 1907, congress leaders split into two groups – moderates and extremists. The Rift between these two sections became apparent at the Banaras Session (1905) when some nationalist-led by Tilak denounced the method of the moderates and suggested passive resistance. They also advocated the boycott of British goods and government institutions. At the end of this session, Lokmanya Tilak, and his followers held a separate conference and announced the formation of the Extremist Party. However, they decided to work as a part of the Indian National Congress.

`color{green} ✍️` The Surat Split 1907 was a turning point in the history of Nationalist Movement in India. It meant a victory of the Extremists over the Moderates it also marked a change in the policy and attitude of the Government towards the nationalist moderates to the government side. The Minto-Morley Reform of 1909 can be said to be the direct outcome of the Surat Split 1907. The split also greatly weaken both the parties. The Extremists were hounded by official repression and liberals were abandoned by their own people.

`color{green} ✍️` The divide between the moderates and the radicals became very prominent when there was an open rift between the two factors of the congress in its surat session. Radicals leaders TILAK was not even allowed to speak on the dias in the session and the radicals created an uproar on this. As a result the radicals were suspended from the congress for 9 years for indiscipline . This became known as the historical SURAT SPLIT.

Home Rule Movement

`color{purple} ul{"Home Rule Movement "(1916)}`

`color{green} ✍️` Started by BG Tilak (April, 1916) at Poona and Annie Besant and S Subramania lyer at Adyar, near Madras (September, 1916).

`color{green} ✍️` Tilak linked up the question of Swaraj with the demand for the formation of linguistic states and education in vernacular language.

`color{green} ✍️` He gave the slogan Swaraj is my birth right and I shall have it.

`color{green} ✍️` Tilak's newspaper Maratha and Kesari were the organs for home rule.

`color{green} ✍️` Annie Besant's newspapers New India, Commonwealth and Young India became important for this movement. She coined the term Commonwealth.

Lucknow Session of the Congress /Lucknow Pact

`color{purple}ul{"Lucknow Session of the Congress " (1916)// " Lucknow Pact "(1916)}`

`color{green} ✍️` A pact between INC and Muslim League following a war between Britain and Turkey leading to anti-British feelings among Muslims.

`color{green} ✍️` Both organisations jointly demand dominion status for the country.

`color{green} ✍️` The INC and Muslim League were once again united at this session.

Lahore Session

`color{purple}ul{"Lahore Session "(1929)}`

`color{green} ✍️` This session was presided over by Jawaharlal Nehru. Gandhi came back to active politics by that time.

`color{green} ✍️` This session passed a resolution of Poorna Swaraj (Complete Independence) as its ultimate goal.

`color{green} ✍️` On 31st December, 1920 the newly adopted tricolour was hoisted and 26th January, 1930 was fixed as the First Independence Day.

Civil Disobedience Movement

`color{green} ✍️ color{blue} {" The Civil Disobedience Movement"}` was started by Gandhi on 12th March, 19l0 with his famous Dandi March. Together with 78 chosen followers, Gandhi walked nearly 3.75 km's from Sabarmati Ashram to Dandi, a village on the Gujarat sea-coast.

`color{purple} {"Impact of Civil Disobedience Movement"}`

`color{green} ✍️` The Congress swept polls in most provinces in 1937.

`color{green} ✍️` The left parties emerged as an alternative in politics.

`color{green} ✍️` Some Congress activists formed the Socialist group.

`color{green} ✍️` Nehru and Subhash Bose emerged as the leaders.

First Round Table Conference

`color{purple} ul{"First Round Table Conference "(1930)}`

`color{green} ✍️` Congress boycotted the Conference.

`color{green} ✍️` It was the first conference arranged between the British and Indians as equals. It was held on 12th November, 1930 in London to discuss Simon Commission.

`color{green} ✍️` Hindu Mahasabha and Muslim League participated in it. The conference failed due to absence of the Indian National Congress.

Karachi Session /Gandhi-Irwin Pact

`color{purple} ul{"Karachi Session "(1931)//"Gandhi-Irwin Pact "(1931)}`

`color{green} ✍️` The government represented by Lord Irwin and INC led by Gandhiji signed a pact on 5th March, 1931. In this, the INC called off the Civil
Disobedience Movement and agreed to join the Second Round Table Conference.


`color{green} ✍️` This session is also memorable for its resolution on Fundamental Right and National Economic Programme, with the efforts of Jawaharlal Nehru and Subhash Chandra Bose.

`color{green} ✍️` The government allowed the villagers on the coast to make salt for consumption and released the political prisoners. The Karachi Session of 1931 endorsed the Gandhi Irwin Pact.

Second Round Table Conference

`color{purple}ul{"Second Round Table Conference "(1931)}`

`color{green} ✍️` Gandhiji went to England in September 1931 to attend the Second Round Table Conference. But, the British Government refused to concede the basic nationalist demand for freedom on the basis of the immediate grant of Dominion Status with complete control over defence, external affairs, and finance.

Poona Pact/Gandhi-Ambedkar Pact

`color{purple}ul{"Poona Pact"// "Gandhi-Ambedkar Pact "(25^(th) "September", 1932)}`

`color{green} ✍️` McDonald announced the proposal on minority representation known as the Communal Award in 1932. Under this, the Depressed Classes (Muslims, Sikhs, Indian Christians, Anglo-Indians, Women and Backward Classes) were to be considered as a minority and the award would make them entitled to the right of separate electorate.

`color{green} ✍️` Gandhi reacted strongly to the proposal and started fast unto death in Yervada jail.

`color{green} ✍️` The idea of separate electorate for the depressed classes was abandoned but seats reserved for them in the Provincial Legislature were increased. Thus, Poona Pact agreed upon a joint electorate for upper and lower castes.

Third Round Table Conference

`color{purple}{"Third Round Table Conference "(1932)}`

`color{green} ✍️` Held in London in 1932.

`color{green} ✍️` The Congress did not participate. The discussion led to the Government of India Act, 1935.

The Second World War and the National Movement

`color{green} ✍️` Lord Linlithgow declared India to be at war without the prior assent of the Central Legislature.

`color{green} ✍️` Congress agreed to support Britain only in return of independence being granted. The Viceroy could promise this only after the war.

`color{green} ✍️` In October-November 1939, the engross Ministries resigned in protest. The Muslim League observed this as the Deliverance Day (22nd December, 1939). The Satyagraha was kept limited, so as not to embarrass Britain's war effort by a mass upheaval in India.

August Offer (1940)

`color{blue}{"August Offer "1940}` by Viceroy of India Lord Linlithgow :

`color{green} ✍️` Dominion status as the objective for India.

`color{green} ✍️` Expansion of Governor-General's Council with representation of the minorities.

`color{green} ✍️` Setting up of a constituent assembly after the war where mainly Indians would decide the constitution according to their social, economic and political conceptions, subject to fulfilment of the obligation of the Government regarding defence, minority rights, treaties with states, all India services.

`color{green} ✍️` Establishment of a War Advisory Council.

`color{green} ✍️` Congress rejected the proposal but the League accepted it.

Cripps Mission

`color{purple} {"Cripps Mission "(1942)}`

`color{green} ✍️` The British Government with a view to get cooperation from Indians in the Second World War, sent Sir Stafford Cripps to settle terms with the Indian leaders.

`color{green} ✍️` Sir Stafford Cripps declared that the aim of British Policy in India was "the earliest possible realisation of Self-Government in India".

`color{green} ✍️` He offered dominion status to be granted after war.

`color{green} ✍️` Congress rejected it, Gandhiji termed it as 'a post - dated cheque on a crashing bank'.

 
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