General Awareness Advent of the Europeans
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The Portuguese

`color { maroon}{✍️}` The Cape Route was discovered from Europe to India by Vasco-da-Gama. He reached port of Calicut on 17th May, 1498 and was received by the Hindu ruler of Calicut, Zamorin.

`color { maroon}{✍️}` Portuguese established trading stations at Calicut, Cannanore and Cochin.

`color { maroon}{✍️}` Initially, Cochin was the capital of Portuguese in India, but later Goa replaced it.

`color { maroon}{✍️}` Francisco de Almeida was first governor of Portuguese in India. He is credited for introduction of policy of Blue Water.

`color { maroon}{✍️}` Alfonso d’ Albuquerque became the second governor of Portuguese in India in 1509. He introduced policy of Imperialism.

`color { maroon}{✍️}` Portuguese power began to decline by end of 16th century. In 1631, Hugli was lost to Mughal noble of Shahjahan.

`color { maroon}{✍️}` In 1661, Bombay was given in dowry to Charles II of England by the then Portuguese king upon his sisters marriage to English royal. In 1739, Marathas captured Bassein.

`color { maroon}{✍️}` Portuguese were later left with just Goa, Diu and Daman which they retained till 1961.

The Dutch

`color { maroon}{✍️ " The Dutch East India Company"}` was formed in 1602.

`color { maroon}{✍️}` They set up settlements at Masulipattanam, Pulicat, Surat, Karaikal, Nagapattinam, Chinsura, Kasimbazar, Baranagore, Patna, Balasore, and Cochin.

`color { maroon}{✍️}` In the 17th century, they defeated Portuguese and replaced Portuguese as the most dominant power in European trade in the East, including India.

`color { maroon}{✍️}` Pulicat was their main centre, later it was replaced by Nagapattinam.

`color { maroon}{✍️}` After middle of 17th century, English began to emerge as colonial power.

`color { maroon}{✍️}` Anglo-Dutch rivalry lasted for 7 decades and led to defeat of Dutch in 1759 in the Battle of Bedara.

The British/English

`color { maroon}{✍️}` With the advent of Europeans in India, the British did not want to be left behind. The English East India Company was established in 1600.

`color { maroon}{✍️}` Captain William Hawkins arrived at the royal court of Jahangir to seek permission to open factory at Surat.

`color { maroon}{✍️}` In 1612, Jahangir issued a Farman permitting the set up of factory at Surat.

`color { maroon}{✍️}` Sir Thomas Roe arrived in India as ambassador of James I to Jahangir’s court in 1615 to seek permission for establishment of trading centres in different parts of the country.

`color { maroon}{✍️}` By 1619, factories at Agra, Allahabad, Baroda and Broach were set up.

`color { maroon}{✍️}` The company acquired Bombay from Charles II on lease.

`color { maroon}{✍️}` In 1690, Job Charnock established a factory at Sutanati.

`color { maroon}{✍️}` Zamindari of three villages, Sutanati, Kalikata and Gobindpur was acquired by English in 1698. Later it developed into the city of Calcutta, where Fort William was built. Calcutta became the capital of British India later.

`color { maroon}{✍️}` The English East India Company continued its existence till 1858.

The Danish

`color { maroon}{✍️}` With the coming of Europeans in India, the Netherlands also took part in trading activities.

`color { maroon}{✍️}` The danish settlement at Tranquebar (now known as Tharangambadi in Tamil Nadu) in 1620.

`color { maroon}{✍️}` Another important Denmark settlement in India was Serampore in Bengal, which served as their headquarter in India.

`color { maroon}{✍️}` The English purchased all their settlements in India in 1845.

The French

`color { maroon}{✍️" The French East India Company"}` was formed in 1664 by Colbert.

`color { maroon}{✍️}` First factory was established at Surat by Francois Martin in 1668.

`color { maroon}{✍️}` Another factory was setup at Masulipatanam.

`color { maroon}{✍️}` In 1673, Pondicherry was founded by Francois Martin, he was the first governor of the French headquarters in India.

`color { maroon}{✍️}` Other french factories in India were at Mahe, Karaikal, and Chandranagore.

Rise of Independent States in the 18th Century

`color{red}{"Hyderabad"}`
`color { maroon}{✍️}` Founded by Nizam-ul-Mulk (Asaf Jah) in AD 1724, who was intermittently viceroy of the Deccan (peninsular India) under the Mughal emperors from 1713 to 1721 and who resumed the post again under the title Āṣaf Jāh in 1724. Emperor Farrukhsiyar conferred on him the titles of 'Khan-i-Duran' and later 'Nizam-ul-Mulk'.

`color { maroon}{✍️}` At that time he became virtually independent and founded the dynasty of the Nizams (rulers) of Hyderabad. The British and the French participated in the wars of succession that followed his death in 1748.

`color { maroon}{✍️}` Hyderabad remained independent until it became a part of independent India. The Nizam provided assistance to the British during the 1857 Revolt.


`color{red}{"The Carnatic"}`
`color { maroon}{✍️}` The Carnatic was one of the provinces of the Mughals in the Deccan and was under the authority of the Nizam of Hyderabad. However, in practice, the Carnatic was virtually independent under its nawab.

Awadh

`color { maroon}{✍️}` The subah of Awadh comprised Benaras and some districts near Allahabad.

`color { maroon}{✍️}` Saadat Khan Burhan-ul-Mulk was appointed Governor of Awadh by the Mughal Emperor. But he soon became independent.

`color { maroon}{✍️}` He established a strong administration, crushed the power of the big zamindars and brought about law and order in the country.

`color { maroon}{✍️}` His successor Safdar Jang gave Awadh a long period of peace and prosperity.

`color { maroon}{✍️}` The authority of the Awadh rulers extended up to Rohil-khand, a territory to the east of Delhi.

Mysore

`color { maroon}{✍️}` Early in the 18th century, Mysore was ruled by a Hindu king.

`color { maroon}{✍️}` After the death of the king, Hyder Ali captured the throne.

`color { maroon}{✍️}` Though illiterate, Hyder Ali was an efficient administrator. He became the ruler of Mysore when Hyder Ali it was a weak and divided state.

`color { maroon}{✍️}` But within a short span of time he made Mysore one of the leading Indian powers.

`color { maroon}{✍️}` He modernised the army and expanded his kingdom through conquests.

`color { maroon}{✍️}` He was strong enough to emerge as a rival of the British.

The Rajputs

`color { maroon}{✍️}` Taking advantage of the growing weakness of Mughal power, the Rajput states became virtually independent.

`color { maroon}{✍️}` But the Rajput chiefs continued to be divided as before. Most of the Rajput states were involved in petty quarrels and civil wars.

`color { maroon}{✍️}` Raja Sawai Jai Singh of Amber (1681-1743) was a renowned Rajput ruler.

`color { maroon}{✍️}` He founded the city of Jaipur. He also erected observatories with accurate and advanced instruments at Delhi, Jaipur, Ujjain, Varanasi, and Mathura.

`color { maroon}{✍️}` With the rise of the Marathas, Rajput influence began to decrease.

Bengal

`color { maroon}{✍️}` Bengal in the 18th century comprised Bengal, Bihar, and Orissa.

`color { maroon}{✍️}` Murshid Quli Khan was the Diwan of Bengal under Aurangzeb.

`color { maroon}{✍️}` Farrukhsiyar appointed him Subedar (governor) of Bengal in 1717.

`color { maroon}{✍️}` Taking advantage of the growing weakness of the central authority, Murshid Quli Khan became practically independent.

`color { maroon}{✍️}` Murshid Quli Khan (1717-27) and his successors Shuja-ud-Daula (1727-39) and Alivardi Khan (1739-1756) gave Bengal a long period of peace and stable administration.

`color { maroon}{✍️}` All these three rulers gave encouragement to trade but maintained strict control over the foreign trading companies.

`color { maroon}{✍️}` Alivardi Khan did not permit English and French trading companies to fortify their possessions in Bengal.

`color { maroon}{✍️}` However, the Nawabs of Bengal failed to build up a strong army and navy. They also failed to prevent corruption among the officials. Nor did they firmly destroy the tendency of the East India Company to use force.

`color { maroon}{✍️}` Their ignorance of the situation in Europe proved costly.

`color { maroon}{✍️}` Bengal was the first province to be conquered by the East India Company.

Punjab

`color { maroon}{✍️}` It was under the leadership of Guru Gobind Singh, the tenth and the last Guru of the Sikhs that the community became a political and military force.

`color { maroon}{✍️}` The invasions of Nadir Shah and Ahmad Shah Abdali and the consequent decline of Mughal power gave the Sikhs the opportunity to rise.

`color { maroon}{✍️}` Between 1765 and 1800 they brought the Punjab and Jammu under their control.

`color { maroon}{✍️}` At the end of the 18th century Ranjit Singh, chief of the Sukerchakia misl brought all the Sikh chiefs west of the river Sutlej under his control and established a powerful Sikh empire in the Punjab.

`color { maroon}{✍️}` After Ranjit Singh’s death, there was confusion in the Sikh state.

`color { maroon}{✍️}` The English, who were on the lookout for an opportunity to expand their territories, conquered the Sikh kingdom (1839-40).

The Marathas

`color { maroon}{✍️}` Shahuji, the grandson of Shivaji, who had been imprisoned by Aurangzeb, was released by Bahadur Shah in 1707. The Maratha state at that time was ruled by Tara Bai. A civil war broke out between the two Shahu was victorious.

`color { maroon}{✍️}` Shahuji appointed Balaji Vishwanath as his Peshwa or Prime Minister in 1713. Balaji Vishwanath concentrated all power in his own hands and became the real ruler of the Marathas. The king was relegated to the background.

`color { maroon}{✍️}` Balaji Baji Rao (1740-1761) further extended the empire in different directions. Maratha power reached its height under him.

`color { maroon}{✍️}` The Marathas soon reached Delhi and offered their support to the Mughal emperor.

`color { maroon}{✍️}` The expulsion of Ahmad Shah Abdali’s agent from Punjab brought the Marathas into an open conflict with Ahmad Shah Abdali. The battle between the two forces was fought in Panipat in January 1761. The Marathas were completely defeated.

`color { maroon}{✍️}` The Peshwa died in June 1761.

`color { maroon}{✍️}` The Battle of Panipat destroyed the possibility of the Marathas emerging as the strongest power in India.

`color { maroon}{✍️}` For the British, this battle was of immense significance.

`color { maroon}{✍️}` The Maratha defeat cleared the way for the rise of British power in India.

First Anglo-Sikh Wars

`color { red}ul{"First Anglo-Sikh War"}` (1845-1846)

`color { maroon}{✍️}` British had their eyes on the fertile plains across the other side of Sutlej.

`color { maroon}{✍️}` They began engaging Sikh troops.

`color { maroon}{✍️}` With the appointment of Major Broad as Company’s Agent in 1843 at Ludhiana for Sikhs affairs then worsened Anglo-Sikh relations.

`color { maroon}{✍️}` The British moves and preparations alarmed the Sikh troops which crossed the Sutlej in December, 1845 and took an offensive position against the English troops.

`color { maroon}{✍️}` Henceforth, battles were fought at Mudki, Ferozeshah and Aliwal.

`color { maroon}{✍️}` To settle the issue the final battle of Sobraon (10 February, 1848) proved decisive in first Anglo-Sikh War.

`color { maroon}{✍️}` After victory at Sobraon, the English army occupied Lahore and dictated peace terms.

`color { maroon}{✍️}` Therefore, the First Anglo-Sikh Battle ended by the Treaty of Lahore (1846).

Second Anglo-Sikh War (1848-1849)

`color { red}ul{"Second Anglo-Sikh War "}` (1848-1849)
`color { maroon}{✍️}` A few months after the treaty of Lahore, Rani Jindan, and Lai Singh realized the true intentions of the English Company.

`color { maroon}{✍️}` The Sikh Sardars were discontent with the British control over Punjab and the Sikh army wanted to avenge their humiliation in the first war.

`color { maroon}{✍️}` The immediate cause for the English Company’s invasion of the Punjab was the revolt of Mulraj, the Governor of Multan.

`color { maroon}{✍️}` In the second Anglo-Sikh War a large army under command of Lord Gough fought an indecisive battle at Ramnagar in November 1848. - Next, at battle of Chilianwala in January, 1849 the Sikh soldiers won with glory.

`color { maroon}{✍️}` The final and decisive battle at Gujrat near Chenab was won by the English in 1849. This war resulted in the annexation of Punjab.

`color { maroon}{✍️}` In March 1849, Lord Dalhousie annexed Punjab under the Treaty of Lahore and pensioned off Dalip Singh to England along with his mother Rani Jindan.

`color { maroon}{✍️}` Sir John Lawrence became the first Chief Commissioner of Punjab to look after administration of Punjab. Therefore, Punjab became a British province.

`color { maroon}{✍️}` The second Anglo-Sikh War ended with British conquest of Punjab.

Anglo-Maratha Wars

`color { red}ul{"First Anglo-Maratha War "}` (1775-1782)
`color { maroon}{✍️}` The immediate cause for first Anglo-Maratha War was English interference in the internal affairs of Marathas.

`color { maroon}{✍️}` The birth of a posthumous son to Narayan Rao then drove Raghunath Rao to desperation and he eventually signed the Treaty of Surat in 1775 with the Bombay government with hopes to gain the throne with the help of English troops.

`color { maroon}{✍️}` By the treaty of Surat, Raghunatha Rao had promised to cede Salsette and Bassein, and also refrain from forming an alliance with the Company enemies.

`color { maroon}{✍️}` In the First Anglo-Maratha war that followed, none of the two parties were gaining ground and finally realized the futility of the struggle.

`color { maroon}{✍️}` The treaty of Salbai in 1782 which ended the first Anglo-Maratha War.

`color { maroon}{✍️}` By the Treaty of Salbai, there was peace between with the Marathas.

`color { maroon}{✍️}` In this treaty, the British began exerting pressure on Mysore with help from Marathas for recovering their territories from Haider Ali.


`color { red}ul{"Second Anglo-Maratha War "}` (1803-1806)
`color { maroon}{✍️}` In Poona, with death of two shrewd statesmen Mahadji Sindhia and Nana Fadnavis there began a fierce rivalry for power between the successor of Mahadji Sindhia, Daulat Rao Sindhia, and Jaswant Rao Holkar.

`color { maroon}{✍️}` Both of them tried to secure the throne at Poona.

`color { maroon}{✍️}` Thereafter, Baji Rao II fled to Bassein and then signed a subsidiary alliance with the British.

`color { maroon}{✍️}` Under the treaty of Bassein, the Peshawa surrendered the city of Surat and to gave up claims for chauth on Nizam’s dominions. He also agreed to not take up arms against the Gaekwar.

`color { maroon}{✍️}` With the efforts of Sir George Barlow the Holkar signed the Treaty of Rajpurghat in 1805 under which the Maratha chiefs gave up their claims to areas to the north of river Chambal, over Bundelkhand, and other allies of the Company.

`color { maroon}{✍️}` This treaty of Rajpurghat marked the end of the Second Anglo-Maratha War.

`color { red}ul{"Third Anglo-Maratha War "}` (1817-1818)
`color { maroon}{✍️}` The third and the final battle of the Anglo-Maratha struggle began after coming of Lord Hastings as the Governor-General in year 1813.

`color { maroon}{✍️}` The Peshwa had to sign the Treaty of Poona in 1817, under which he gave up the headship of the Maratha confederacy and he also had to conduct relations with other states through British Resident.

`color { maroon}{✍️}` The Treaty of Gwalior (1817) was concluded by Lord Hastings with Daulat Rao Sindhia as part of preparations for cam­paign against Pindaris. Consequently, the Pindari war was merged in the Third Anglo- Maratha War.

`color { maroon}{✍️}` All Maratha opposition to the British power ended after yet another attempt by the confederacy against British.

`color { maroon}{✍️}` A new settlement was made with the Maratha Chiefs.

`color { maroon}{✍️}` The Peshawa surrendered his name and authority forever in lieu of eight lakhs rupees as pension and retired to Bithur near Kanpur.

`color { maroon}{✍️}` A small district Satara was reserved for descendant of Shivaji as the Raja of Satara. All the remaining Peshawa’s territories were annexed to the Presidency of Bombay.

Anglo-Afghan Wars

`color { red}ul{"First Anglo-Afghan War "}` (1839-1842)
`color { maroon}{✍️}` Following a protracted civil war that began in 1816, the Bārakzay clan became the ruling dynasty of Afghanistan, with its most powerful member, Dōst Moḥammad Khan, ascending the throne in 1826.

`color { maroon}{✍️}` With Great Britain and Russia maneuvering for influence in Afghanistan, Dōst Moḥammad was forced to balance his country between the two great powers.

`color { maroon}{✍️}` The British, feeling that Dost Moḥammad was either hostile to them or unable to resist Russian penetration, moved to take a direct role in Afghan affairs.

`color { maroon}{✍️}` First they negotiated unsatisfactorily with Dost Moḥammad, and then an invasion of Afghanistan was ordered by the governor-general of India, Lord Auckland, with the object of restoring exiled Afghan ruler Shah Shojaʿ to the throne.

`color { maroon}{✍️}` In April 1839, after suffering great privations, the British army entered Kandahār, and Shojāʿ was then crowned shah.

`color { maroon}{✍️}` Ghazna (now Ghazni) was captured the following July, and in August Shojāʿ was installed at Kabul.
- The Afghans, however, would tolerate neither a foreign occupation nor a king imposed on them by a foreign power, and insurrections broke out.

`color { maroon}{✍️}` In a battle at Parwan on November 2, 1840, Dost Moḥammad had the upper hand, but the next day he surrendered to the British in Kabul. He was deported to India with most of his family.

`color { maroon}{✍️}` Outbreaks continued throughout the country, and the British eventually found their position untenable.

`color { maroon}{✍️}` On January 6, 1842, some 4,500 British and Indian troops, with 12,000 camp followers, marched out of Kabul.

`color { maroon}{✍️}` Shoja was killed after the British left Kabul.

`color { maroon}{✍️}` Although in the summer of that same year British forces reoccupied Kabul, the new governor-general of India, Lord Ellenborough, decided on the evacuation of Afghanistan, and in 1843 Dōst Mohammad returned to Kabul and was restored to the throne.


`color { red}ul{"Second Anglo-Afghan War "}` (1878-1880)
`color { maroon}{✍️}` In November 1875 British Prime Minister Benjamin Disraeli appointed Lord Lytton governor-general of India.

`color { maroon}{✍️}` Lytton during his service there was concerned primarily with India’s relations with Afghanistan.

`color { maroon}{✍️}` Soon after Lytton arrived in India, he notified Shir ʿAli Khan-the third son of Dost Mohammad, who succeeded to the throne upon his father’s death that he was sending a “mission” to Kabul.

`color { maroon}{✍️}` Viceroy Lytton launched the Second Anglo-Afghan War on November 21, 1878, with a British invasion.

`color { maroon}{✍️}` Shir ʿAli fled his capital and country, dying in exile early in 1879.

`color { maroon}{✍️}` The British army occupied Kabul, as it had in the first war, and a treaty signed at Gandamak (Gandomak) on May 26, 1879, recognised Shīr ʿAlī’s son, Yaqub Khan, as emir.

`color { maroon}{✍️}` He subsequently agreed to receive a permanent British embassy at Kabul. In addition, he agreed to conduct his foreign relations with other states in accordance “with the wishes and advice” of the British government.

`color { maroon}{✍️}` This British triumph was short-lived. On September 3, 1879, the British envoy, Sir Louis Cavagnari, and his escort were murdered in Kabul.

`color { maroon}{✍️}` British forces were again dispatched, and before the end of October they occupied Kabul.


`color { red}ul{"Third Anglo-Afghan War "}` (May 6-August 8, 1919)
`color { maroon}{✍️}` With the outbreak of World War I (1914–18), there was in Afghanistan widespread support of Ottoman Turkey against the British.

`color { maroon}{✍️}` However, the ruler of Afghanistan at the time, Ḥabībullāh Khan, was able to maintain a policy of non involvement throughout the war.

`color { maroon}{✍️}` When Ḥabībullāh was assassinated on February 20, 1919, by persons associated with the anti-British movement, his son Amānullāh Khan took possession of the throne.

`color { maroon}{✍️}` At that time Britain still exercised an important influence on Afghan affairs.

`color { maroon}{✍️}` In his coronation address Amānullāh declared total independence from Great Britain. This declaration launched the inconclusive Third Anglo-Afghan War in May 1919.

`color { maroon}{✍️}` Fighting was confined to a series of skirmishes between an ineffective Afghan army and a British Indian army exhausted from the heavy demands of World War I.

`color { maroon}{✍️}` Nevertheless, the month long war gained the Afghans the conduct of their own foreign affairs.

`color { maroon}{✍️}` A peace treaty recognising the independence of Afghanistan was signed at Rawalpindi (now in Pakistan) on August 8, 1919, and was amended in 1921.

`color { maroon}{✍️}` Before signing the final document with the British, the Afghans concluded a treaty of friendship with the new Bolshevik regime in the Soviet Union.

`color { maroon}{✍️}` Afghanistan thereby became one of the first states to recognise the Soviet government, and a “special relationship” evolved between the two governments that lasted until December 1979, when the Soviet Union invaded Afghanistan.

✓ Points to Remember


`color{blue}{✍️ ul "The Portuguese"}`
➤ In 1498, Vasco da Gama, a Portuguese voyager, became the first European to discover the sea route to India.

➤He arrived at Calicut on 27 May 1498 and was given a warm reception by the Hindu ruler king Zamorin of Calicut.

➤Francisco-de-Almeida (1505-1509A.D.) - He was the First viceroy of the Portuguese in India.
His policy was to increase the Portuguese naval power, this policy of controlling the settlement by naval force was known as the "Blue Water Policy"

➤Alfonso-De-Albuquerque (1509-1515A.D.) - Albuquerque was the second viceroy of the Portuguese in India.
He captured Goa from the Sultan of Bijapur in 1510 and made it the capital.


`color{blue}{✍️ ul "The Dutch"}`
➤The Dutch people of Holland founded the Dutch East India Company in 1602.

➤They established their first factory in Masulipatnam (1605), followed by factories in Pulicat (1610), Surat (1616).

➤In 1619, they were granted permission by the Mughal emperor Jahangir to trade at Surat on the west coast and Hoogly in the east.

➤The Dutch supremacy ended with their defeat at the hands of the English in the Battle of Bedara in 1759.


`color{blue}{✍️ ul "The English"}`
➤In 1600, the English East India Company was established through a charter signed by Queen Elizabeth I.

➤In 1608, King James I of England sent Captain William Hawkins to the court of the Mughal Emperor Jahangir to obtain permission to establish a factory at Surat, but was denied any trading rights.

➤In 1619, when Sir Thomas Roe visited the court, they were allowed to set up their first factory in Surat.

➤They founded the city of Kolkata which included the regions of Sutanuti, Kalikota and Govindpur.

➤In 1640 the English built Fort St.George to protect their trade.

➤In 1700, they fortified the factory at Sutanati and named it Fort William.

➤Charles II the king of England married Catherine the daughter of the king of Portugal and got Bombay, as a part of dowry.


`color{blue}{✍️ ul "The Danish"}`
➤In 1616, the East India Company of Denmark reached Indian coasts and established settlements in Tranquebar in Tamil Nadu (1620) and Serampore in Bengal (1676).


`color{blue}{✍️ ul "The French"}`
➤The French East India Company was established in 1664 by Colbert, the minister of Louis XIV, the king of France.

➤They set up their factories at Surat in 1668 and Masulipatnam in 1669.

➤In 1674 they got a place to the south of Madras from the ruler of Tanjore and laid the foundation of Pondicherry, which became the headquarters of the French settlements in India.

➤In 1690 they established their settlement at Chandranagore.

➤During 1742, the French Governor Dupleix started repulsing English power, which resulted in the Carnatic wars and eventually the defeat of the French.

 
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