General Awareness Viceroys of India
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Lord Canning

`color{purple}ul{ "Lord Canning "(1856-1862)}`

`color{green} ✍️ ` The last Governor General and the first Viceroy.

`color{green} ✍️` Withdrew Doctrine of Lapse.

`color{green} ✍️` Revolt of 1857, Mutiny took place.

`color{green} ✍️` Passed the Government of India Act, 1858, which ended the rule of East India Company.

`color{green} ✍️` The Universities of Calcutta, Bombay, and Madras were established in 1857.

`color{green} ✍️` Indian Penal Code 1859, was passed.

`color{green} ✍️` Indian Councils Act was passed in 1861.

Lord Elgin

`color{purple}ul {"Lord Elgin "(1862)}`

`color{green} ✍️` He became viceroy and governor-general of India in 1862 but in the very next year, he died in Dharamshala of a heart attack while crossing a mountain bridge, there he lies buried.

`color{green} ✍️` Wahabi movement broke out. They were defeated in 1863.

`color{green} ✍️` Inauguration of High Court judicature in Bengal.

`color{green} ✍️` Conferment of first MA degree from the Calcutta university.

`color{green} ✍️` Transfer of Indian navy to admiralty.

`color{green} ✍️` Ambala campaign of NWFP.

`color{green} ✍️` Amalgamation of the Supreme Court and Sadr courts into High Courts.

Lord John Lawrence

`color{purple} ul{"Lord John Lawrence "(1864-1868)}`

`color{green} ✍️` Telegraphic communication was opened with Europe.

`color{green} ✍️` High Courts were established at Calcutta, Bombay, and Madras in 1865.

`color{green} ✍️` Expanded canal works and railways.

`color{green} ✍️` Created the Indian Forest department.

Lord Mayo

`color{purple}ul{"Lord Mayo "(1868-1872)}`

`color{green} ✍️` Organised the Statistical Survey of India and for the first time in Indian history, a Census was held in 1871.

`color{green} ✍️` Started the process of financial Decentralisation in India.

`color{green} ✍️` Established the Department of Agriculture and Commerce.

`color{green} ✍️` Established the Rajkot College at Kathiawar and Mayo College at Ajmer for the Indian princes.

`color{green} ✍️` Was the only Viceroy to be murdered in office by a Pathan convict in the Andamans in 1872.

Lord Northbrook

`color{purple} ul{"Lord Northbrook "(1872-1876)}`

`color{green} ✍️` Between 1872 and 1876, India’s Viceroy was Lord Northbrook.

`color{green} ✍️` Deposition of Gaekwad of Baroda 1875.

`color{green} ✍️` Kuka Movement 1872.

`color{green} ✍️` Prince of Wales Visit to India 1876.

`color{green} ✍️` Indian Meteorological Department 1875.

`color{green} ✍️` The income tax imposed since times of Lord Canning had become quite unpopular and was abolished by Lord Northbrook.

Lord Lytton

`color{purple} ul{"Lord Lytton "(1876-1880)}`

`color{green} ✍️` Known as the Viceroy of reverse characters.

`color{green} ✍️` Organised the Grand ‘Delhi Durbar’ in 1877 to decorate Queen Victoria with the title of ‘Kaiser I Hind’.

`color{green} ✍️` Arms act (1878) made it mandatory for Indians to acquire license for arms.

`color{green} ✍️` Passed the infamous Vernacular Press act (1878).

Lord Ripon

`color{purple}ul{"Lord Ripon "(1880-1884)}`

`color{green} ✍️` Liberal person, who sympathised with Indians.

`color{green} ✍️` First Factory Act of 1881 (prohibited labour) and to improve child labour conditions.

`color{green} ✍️` Local Self-Government was introduced in 1882.

`color{green} ✍️` Repealed the Vernacular Press Act in 1882.

`color{green} ✍️` Finances of the Centre were divided.

`color{green} ✍️` An Education Commission was appointed under Sir William Hunter in 1882, to improve Primary and Secondary Education.

`color{green} ✍️` Passed the Libert Bill (1883) which enabled Indian district magistrates to try European criminals. But this was withdrawn later.

Lord Dufferin

`color{purple} ul{"Lord Dufferin "(1884-1888)}`

`color{green} ✍️` Lord Dufferin served as Governor General of India and Viceroy from 1884 to 1888.

`color{green} ✍️` During his tenure, the Third Burmese war led to annexation of whole of Burma and Burmese ruler was exiled to India.

`color{green} ✍️` In 1885, AO Hume laid the foundation of Indian National Congress.

`color{green} ✍️` This created a diplomatic crisis between Russia and Great Britain.

Lord Lansdowne

`color{purple}ul{"Lord Lansdowne "(1888-1894)}`

`color{green} ✍️` Factory Act of 1891, granted weekly holidays and stipulated working hours for women and children.

`color{green} ✍️` Civil services were divided into Imperial, Provincial and Subordinate Services.

`color{green} ✍️` Indian Councils Act of 1892.

`color{green} ✍️` The Durand Commission defined the Durand Line between whitish India and Afghanistan (now between Pakistan and Afghanistan) in 1893.

Lord Elgin II

`color{purple}ul{"Lord Elgin II "(1894-1899)}`

`color{green} ✍️` Great famine of 1896-97.

`color{green} ✍️` In 1895 the Chitral Expedition took place and the Russo- Afghan Frontier was settled.

`color{green} ✍️` In 1897, plague broke out at Bombay.

`color{green} ✍️` Afridi uprisings and Santhal uprisings in 1899-1900.

`color{green} ✍️` Sir James Lyall Commission appointed.

Lord Curzon

`color{purple}ul{"Lord Curzon "(1899-1905)}`

`color{green} ✍️` Passed the Indian Universities act (1904) in which official control over the Universities was increased.

`color{green} ✍️` Partitioned Bengal (October 16, 1905) into two provinces Bengal (proper) & East Bengal & Assam.

`color{green} ✍️` Appointed a Police Commission under Sir Andrew Frazer to enquire into the police administration of every province.

`color{green} ✍️` The risings of the frontier tribes in 1897-98 led him to create the North Western Frontier Province (NWFP).

`color{green} ✍️` Passed the Ancient Monuments Protection act (1904), to restore India’s cultural heritage. Archaeological Survey of India was established.

`color{green} ✍️` Passed the Indian Coinage and Paper Currency act (1899) and put India on a gold standard.

`color{green} ✍️` Extended railways to a great extent.

Lord Minto

`color{purple}ul{"Lord Minto "(1905-1910)}`

`color{green} ✍️` There was great political unrest in India. Various acts were passed to curb the revolutionary activities. Extremists like Lala Laipat Rai and Ajit Singh (in May, 1907) and Bal Gangadhar Tilak (in July, 1908) were sent to Mandalay jail in Burma.

`color{green} ✍️` The Indian Council act of 1909 or the Morley Minto Reforms was passed.

`color{green} ✍️` Father of civil services in India.

`color{green} ✍️` On 16th Oct 1906 Partition of Bengal came into force.

`color{green} ✍️` Anti-partition and Swadeshi movements.

`color{green} ✍️` Morley-Minto Reforms in 1909 increased the number of elected members in the central and provincial legislatures, also introduced the system of communal electorates.

`color{green} ✍️` In 1906 Lord Minto received the Muslim deportation headed by Aga Khan.

`color{green} ✍️` In 1907 Indian Decentralization Committee was appointed under Sir Charles Hobhouse.

`color{green} ✍️` On May 11 1907 the Seditious Meeting Act was passed.

`color{green} ✍️` On June 8th 1908 , Explosives Substances Act and Newspaper Act were passed.

`color{green} ✍️` Minto passed the Indian Press Act of 1910 laying down heavy fines and penalty of Press for rebellious publications.

`color{green} ✍️` In 1910 Depart of Education under the separate member of the Viceroy’s Executive Council was established.

Lord Hardinge

`color{purple}ul{"Lord Hardinge "(1910-1916)}`

`color{green} ✍️` Held a durbar in December, 1911 to celebrate the coronation of King George V.

`color{green} ✍️` Partition of Bengal was cancelled (1911), capital shifted from Calcutta to Delhi (1911).

`color{green} ✍️` A bomb was thrown at him; but he escaped unhurt (December 23, 1912).

`color{green} ✍️` Gandhiji came back to India from South Africa (1915).

`color{green} ✍️` The Hindu Mahasabha was founded in 1915, by Pandit Madan Mohan Malaviya.

`color{green} ✍️` Annie Besant announced the Home Rule Movement.

Lord Chelmsford

`color{purple}ul{"Lord Chelmsford "(1916-1921)}`

`color{green} ✍️` August Declaration of 1917, whereby control over the Indian government would be gradually transferred to the Indian people.

`color{green} ✍️` The government of India act in 1919 (Montague Chelmsford reforms) was passed.

`color{green} ✍️` Rowlatt act of 1919.

`color{green} ✍️` Jallianwala Bagh Massacre (April 13, 1919).

`color{green} ✍️` Non Cooperation Movement.

`color{green} ✍️` An Indian Sir S. P. Sinha was appointed the Governor of Bengal.

`color{green} ✍️` A Women’s university was founded at Poona in 1916.

`color{green} ✍️` Saddler Commission was appointed in 1917 to envisage new educational policy.

Lord Reading

`color{purple}ul{"Lord Reading "(1921-1926)}`

`color{green} ✍️` Rowlatt act was repeated along with the Press act of 1910.

`color{green} ✍️` Suppressed non-cooperation movement.

`color{green} ✍️` Prince of Wales visited India in November, 1921.

`color{green} ✍️` Formation of Swaraj Party.

`color{green} ✍️` Communist part was founded in 1921 by M.N. Roy.

`color{green} ✍️` Kakory Train Robbery on August 9, 1925.

`color{green} ✍️` Communal riots of 1923-25 in Multan, Amritsar, and Delhi, etc.

`color{green} ✍️` Swami Shraddhanand, a great nationalist and a leader of the Arya Samajists, was murdered.

Lord Irwin

`color{purple} ul{"Lord Irwin "(1926-1931)}`

`color{green} ✍️` Simon Commission visited India.

`color{green} ✍️` Congress passed the Indian Resolution in 1929.

`color{green} ✍️` Dandi March (March 12, 1930).

`color{green} ✍️` Civil Disobedience Movement (1930).

`color{green} ✍️` First Round Table Conference held in England in 1930.

`color{green} ✍️` Gandhi Irwin Pact (March 5, 1931) was signed and Civil Disobediance Movement was withdrawn.

`color{green} ✍️` Martydorm of Jatin Das after 64 days hunger strike (1929).

Lord Willingdon

`color{purple}ul{"Lord Willingdon "(1931-1936)}`

`color{green} ✍️` Second Round Table conference in London in 1931.

`color{green} ✍️` On his return Gandhiji was again arrested and Civil Disobedience Movement was resumed in January, 1932.

`color{green} ✍️` Communal Awards (August 16, 1932) assigned seats to different religious communities. Gandhiji went on a epic fast in protest against this division.

`color{green} ✍️` Third Round Table conference in 1932.

`color{green} ✍️` Poona Pact was signed.

`color{green} ✍️` Government of India act (1935) was passed.

Lord Linlithgow

`color{purple}ul{"Lord Linlithgow "(1936-1943)}`

`color{green} ✍️` Government of India act enforced in the provinces. Congress ministries formed in 8 out of 11 provinces. They remained in power for about 2 years till October 1939, when they gave up offices on the issue of India having been dragged into the II World War. The Muslim League observed the days as ‘Deliverance Day’ (22 December).

`color{green} ✍️` Outbreak of World War II in 1939.

`color{green} ✍️` Cripps Mission in 1942.

`color{green} ✍️` Quit India Movement (August 8, 1942).

Lord Wavell

`color{purple}ul{"Lord Wavell "(1943-1947)}`

`color{green} ✍️` Arranged the Shimla Conference on June 25, 1945 with Indian National Congress and Muslim League; failed.

`color{green} ✍️` Cabinet Mission Plan (May 16, 1946).

`color{green} ✍️` Elections to the constituent assembly were held and an Interim Government was appointed under Nehru.

`color{green} ✍️` First meeting of the constituent assembly was held on December 9, 1946.

Lord Mountbatten

`color{purple}ul{"Lord Mountbatten "("March to August, "1947)}`

`color{green} ✍️` Last Viceroy of British India and the first Governor General of free India.

`color{green} ✍️` Partition of India decided by the June 3 Plan.

`color{green} ✍️` Indian Independence Act passed by the British parliament on July 4, 1947, by which India became independent on August 15, 1947.

`color{green} ✍️` Retried in June 1948 and was succeeded by C. Rajagopalachari (the first and the last Indian Governor General of free India).

 
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