General Awareness Indian National Movement (I) Moderate and Extremist Phase
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The Indian National Movement

`color{green} ✍️` The National Conference in 1883, decided to invite prominent public figures and associations to discuss questions of general concern.

`color{green} ✍️` Indian National Union-1884, by AO Home. The National Conference and the Indian National Union merged to form the Indian National Congress (INC) in 1885.

`color{green} ✍️` The first meeting of INC was organised by AO Hume at Gokuldas Tejpal Sanskrit College on 28th December, 1885 in Bombay. A.O. Hume was a retired British Civil Servant.

`color{green} ✍️` It was presided over by Womesh Chandra Bannerjee and attended by 72 delegates.

`color{green} ✍️` It was the first organised expression of the Indian National Movement on an all India scale. In 1886, the delegates to Congress become 436.

`color{green} ✍️` The first venue of its meeting was changed from Pune to Bombay due to an outbreak of Cholera in Pune.
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`color{green} ✍️` Kadambini Ganguly was the first woman graduate of Calcutta University to address the Congress Session in 1889.

`color{green} ✍️` Safety Valve Theory British historians argue that Hume's main purpose was to provide a safety valve to the growing discontent among the educated Indians.

`color{green} ✍️` Opposition to Congress By Syed Ahmed khan Raja Sheo Prasad of Banaras and Lord Dufferin (the then Viceroy).

Moderate Phase

`color{purple} ul{"Moderate Phase " (1885-1905)}`

`color{green} ✍️` Between 1885 and 1905, the Congress leaders were moderates. The Moderates had faith in the British justice and goodwill. They were called moderates because they adopted peaceful and constitutional means to achieve their demands.

`color{green} ✍️` They were loyal to the British and looked to England for inspiration and guidance.

`color{green} ✍️` The Moderates used petitions, resolutions, meetings, leaflets and pamphlets, memorandum and delegations to present their demands.

`color{green} ✍️` They confined their political activities to the educated classes only. Their aim was to attain political rights and self–government stage by stage.

`color{purple} ul{ "Main Demands of Moderates:"}`

`color{green} {►}` Expansion and reform of legislative councils.
`color{green} { ►}` Greater opportunities for Indians in higher posts by holding the ICS examination simultaneously in England and in India.
`color{green} { ►}` Separation of the judiciary from the executive.
`color{green} { ►}` More powers for the local bodies.
`color{green} { ►}` Reduction of land revenue and protection of peasants from unjust landlords.

Methods of Moderates

`color{green} ✍️` The moderate political activity involved constitutional agitation within the confines of law and showed a slow but orderly political progress.

`color{green} ✍️` They believed that the British basically wanted to be just to the Indians but were not aware of the real conditions.

`color{purple} {"Their methodology was based on the following :"}`

`color{green} {►}` Create a strong public opinion to arouse consciousness and national spirit.
`color{green} {►}` Educate and unite people on common political questions; and two, persuade the British Government and British public opinion to introduce reforms in India on the lines laid out by the nationalists.

`color{green} ✍️` For this purpose, a British committee of the Indian National Congress was established in London in 1899 which had India as its organ.

`color{green} ✍️` Dadabhai Naoroji spent a substantial portion of his life and income campaigning for India’s case abroad.

`color{green} ✍️` In 1890, it was decided to hold a session of the Indian National Congress in London in 1892, but owing to the British elections of 1891 the proposal was postponed and never revived later.

Extremist Phase

`color{purple}ul{"Extremist Phase "(1905-1917)}`

`color{green} ✍️`The period from 1905 was known as the era of extremism in the Indian National Movement.

`color{green} ✍️` The extremists or the aggressive nationalists believed that success could be achieved through bold means.

`color{green} ✍️` The important extremist leaders were Lala Lajpat Rai, Bal Gangadhar Tilak, Bipin Chandra Pal and Aurobindo Ghosh.

`color{green} ✍️` Their main objective was to attain Swaraj or complete independence and not just self–government.

`color{green} ✍️` They were dissatisfied with the .methods and achievements of the moderates.

`color{green} ✍️` Extremist denounced British rule and defied it and got arrested as well.

`color{green} ✍️` Extremist were radical in their approach and demands of extremists were aggressive.

`color{green} ✍️` Extremists believed in militant methods including swadeshi and boycott.

Methods of Extremists

`color{green} ✍️` The method of non cooperation was preached by Tilak.

`color{green} ✍️` The Extremists encouraged co-operative organisations.

`color{green} ✍️` Some charitable associations were set up for rural sanitation, preventive police duties, regulation of fairs and pilgrim gatherings for providing relief fund during famines and other calamities.

`color{green} ✍️`Cooperative movement was implemented in order to create a strong sentiment among people. It was basically training for them.

`color{green} ✍️` A National Scheme of Education replaced the system of Government-controlled universities and colleges. The Extremists tried to enroll students for their movement.

`color{green} ✍️` The extremist through this wanted to cover the whole country with a network of active political organisations.

`color{green} ✍️` Promotion of Swadeshi and Boycott of foreign goods, Non-cooperation with Britishers. (Passive resistance).

`color{green} ✍️` Examples of Extremist Leaders -Lala Lajpat Rai, Bal Gangadhar Tilak, Bipin' Chandra Pal, Sir Aurobindo Ghosh, Chakravarti Bose, T Prakasham, Chidambaram Pillai.

Partition of Bengal

`color{green} ✍️` Partition of Bengal, (1905), division of Bengal carried out by the British viceroy in India, Lord Curzon, despite strong Indian nationalist opposition.

`color{green} ✍️` It began a transformation of the Indian National Congress from a middle-class pressure group into a nationwide mass movement.

`color{green} ✍️` On 20 July 1905, Lord Curzon announced the partition of Bengal into two parts: Eastern Bengal and Assam (one part) and the rest of Bengal (the other part).

`color{green} ✍️` Curzon announced the partition on the pretext of administrative convenience as he considered the existing province of Bengal too big and unwieldy to be effectively administered.

`color{green} ✍️` However, the Indian National Congress and nation­alists saw that it was a part of the policy of “divide and rule”.

`color{green} ✍️` The objective was to set-up a communal gulf between the Hindus and Muslims.
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`color{green} ✍️` The .Indian National Movement entered its second phase after the Partition of Bengal.

`color{green} ✍️` A day of national mourning was observed throughout Bengal as the partition took effect on 16 October 1905.

`color{green} ✍️` Rabindranath Tagore composed the National Song Amar Sonar Bangla for the occasion.

 
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