General Awareness Amendment Of The Constitution (Article 368)

Amendment Of The Constitution (Article 368)

It deals with constitutional amendment. An amendment to the Constitution can be initiated in either House of the Parliament and there is no provision of joint session here. President has to, under all conditions, provide his consent to such a bill. He cannot withhold his assent nor can be return it.

Important Constitutional Amendments

• 1st Amendment, 1951 to overcome certain practical difficulties related to Fundamental Rights. Also added 9th Schedule. It converted right of property to legal right.

• 7th Amendment, 1956 necessitated on account of reorganisation of states on linguistic basis and introduced changes in the 1st and 4th Schedule.

• 9th Amendment, 1960 gave effect to transfer certain territories to Pakistan following the 1958 Indo-Pak Agreement.

• 10th Amendment, 1961 incorporated Dadar and Nagar Haveli in India.

• 12th Amendment, 1962 incorporated Goa, Daman and Diu in India.

• 13th Amendment, 1962 created Nagaland as a state.

• 14th Amendment, 1963 incorporated Pondicherry in India from France.

• 18th Amendment, 1966 reorganised Punjab into Punjab, Haryana and UT of Chandigarh.

• 26th Amendment, 1971 was related to terminate the privy purses and privileges of the rulers of the former Indian states.

• 27th Amendment, 1971 established Manipur and Tripura as States and Mizoram and Arunachal Pradesh as Union Territory.

• 31st Amendment, 1973 increased the elective strength of Lok Sabha from 525 to 545. The upper limit of representatives of state went up from 500 to 525.

• 42nd Amendment, 1976 provided supremacy of Parliament and gave very limited primacy to Directive Principles over Fundamental Rights. It also added 10 Fundamental Duties to the Constitution. The Preamble of the Constitution was also altered to 'Sovereign Socialist Secular Democratic Republic'. It is also called Mini Constitution.

• 44th Amendment, 1978 restored the normal duration of the Lok Sabha and Legislative Assembly to 5 years. The Right to Property was deleted from Part III. Also limited the power of the government to proclaim internal emergency.

• 52nd Amendment, 1985 10th Schedule was added through this. (Anti-Defection Law)

• 61st Amendment, 1989 reduced the voting age from 21 to 1 R years for the Lok Sabha as well as Assemblies.

• 62nd Amendment, 1989 extended reservation of scats for SC/ST till AD 2000.

• 69th Amendment proposed to grant statehood to Delhi.

• 73rd Amendment, 1992 (Panchayati Raj) to provide among other things Gram Sabha in villages, Constitution of Panchayats at the village and other levels, direct elections to all seats in Panchayats and reservation of scats for the SC and ST and fixing of tenure of 5 years for Panchayats.

• 74th Amendment, 1992 (Nagar Palika) To provide for, among other things, Constitution for three types of municipalities, reservation of scats in every municipality for the SC and ST, women and the backward classes.

• 86th Amendment, 2002 Article 21 (A) which makes primary education a Fundamental Rights to children between age of 6-14 years was added.
- Article 45 of Directive Principle.
- 11 th Fundamental Duty was added through this.

• 92nd Amendment, Act 2003 4 languages were added in 8th Schedule-Bodo, Dogri, Maithili and Santhali.

• 93rd Amendment Added Clause (5) to Article 15 making special provisions for advancement of any socially and educationally backward classes.

• 94th Amendment, 2006, To provide for a Minister of Tribal Welfare in Jharkband and Chhattisgarh states including Madhya
Pradesh and Orissa.

• 95th Amendment, 2010 To extend the reservation of scats for SCs and STs in the Lok Sabha and States Assemblies from 60 to 70 years.

• 96th Amendment, 2011 Substituted 'Odia' for 'Oriya'.

• 97th Amendment, 2012 Added the words ' or co-operative societies' after the word 'or unions' in Article 19 (1) (C) and insertion of Article 43 (B) i.e. promotion of co-operative societies and added part IXB i.e. the co-operative societies.

• 98th Amendment, 2013 To empower the Governor of Karnataka to take steps to develop the Hyderabad-Karnataka region.

• 99th Amendment, 2015 The amendment provides for the formation of a National Judicial Appointments Commission. The amendment was struck down by the Supreme Court on 16th October, 2015.

• 100th Amendment, 2015 Exchange of certain enclave territories with Bangladesh and conferment of citizenship rights to residents of enclaves consequent to signing of Land Boundary Agreement (LBA) Treaty between India and Bangladesh.

• 101st Amendment, 2016 Amendement of Articles 248, 249, 250, 268, 269, 270, 271, 366, 6th Schedule, 7th Schedule, Deletion of Article 268A in reference to the Goods and Services tax bill.






 
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