`color{blue} ul(mathtt ("Zoospores"))` : Zoospores arc the motile spores which are thin-walled and flagellated and produced for asexual
reproduction by some aquatic fungi and algae. These are produced in the zoosporangium.
`=>` `color{blue} ul(mathtt ("Aplanospores"))` : Aplanospores are the thin walled, non-motile spores, used for asexual reproduction in many terrestrial fungal species.
`=>` `color{blue} ul(mathtt ("Plasmogamy"))` : Plasmogamy is the process of fusion of the protoplasm of two cells or gametes.
`=>` `color{blue} ul(mathtt ("Karyogamy"))` : It follows plasmogamy. Karyogamy is the process of fusion of two nuclei of two fusing cells or gametes.
`=>` `color{blue} ul(mathtt ("Dikaryon"))` : This stage follows plasmogamy and precedes karyogamy. It ai the stage where a cell contains two genetically different nuclei, brought together by plasmogamy.
`=>` `color{blue} ul(mathtt ("Isogamy"))` : Isogamy is the process in which two physiologically and morphologically similar
gametes fuse with each other.
`=>` `color{blue} ul(mathtt ("Anisogamy"))` : Anisogamy is the process in which two physiologically and/or morphologically dissimilar
gametes fuse with each other.
● Reproduction in fungi can take place by different means. It Includes the vegetative means, asexual reproduction and sexual reproduction.
`star` `color{Violet}"Vegetative Reproduction"`:
Vegetative Reproduction occurs by means of:
● `color{Maroon}"Fragmentation"`: In this, the hyphal forms multiply by fragmentation that occurs either accidentally, or, in other fungi, occurs through the production of oidia or arthrospores. These thin-walled spores arise by cleavage of hyphae through splitting of the septa. E.g. Coccoides sp.
● `color{Maroon}"Fission"`: In this, the cell constricts in the centre and divides into two giving rise to new individuals,as seen in members of monera. E.g. Schizoharomyces
● `color{Maroon}"Budding"`: The buds develop from from the protoplasm of the parent cells and eventually become new individuals. E.g. Sacchaomyces
`star` `color{Violet}"Asexual reproduction"`
● Asexual reproduction through vegetative spores through mycelial fragmentation is commonly seen in many fungal species and adds an advantage as it allows faster dispersal than sexual reproduction.
● Asexual spores after germination result in a new hyphae and thereby a new colony.
They are of the following type:
● `color{Maroon}"Sporangiospores/Aplanospores"`: Such spores are produced in special sacs, known as sporangia. E.g. Rhizopus
● `color{Maroon}"Zoospores"`: Spores are motile are called zoospores and produced in zoosporangium. E.g. Saprolegnia
● `color{Maroon}"Conidia"`: In many fungi, asexual spores are produced from the tips of specialized hyphae. The specialized aerial hyphae are known as conidiophores and. the spores as conidia. E.g. Penicilium
These are diagrammatically described by the following figure.
.
`star` `color{Violet}"Sexual reproduction"` :
● Sexual reproduction is by oospores, ascospores and basidiospores.
●The various spores are produced in distinct structures called fruiting bodies.
The sexual cycle involves the following three steps:
● Fusion of protoplasms between two motile or non-motile gametes called `color{Maroon}"plasmogamy"`.
● Fusion of two nuclei called `color{Maroon}"karyogamy"`.
● Meiosis in zygote resulting in haploid spores.
● When a fungus reproduces sexually, two haploid hyphae of compatible mating types come together and fuse.
● In some fungi the fusion of two haploid cells immediately results in diploid cells (2n).
● However, in other fungi (ascomycetes and basidiomycetes), an intervening dikaryotic stage (n + n i.e. two nuclei per cell) occurs; such a condition is called a dikaryon and the phase is called `color{Maroon}"dikaryophase"` of fungus.
● Later, the parental nuclei fuse and the cells become diploid.
● The fungi form fruiting bodies in which reduction division occurs, leading to formation of haploid spores.
There are mainly 5 modes of sexual reproduction, seen in different classes of the kingdom.
● `color{Maroon}"Planogametic copulation"`: Results in diploid oospores E.g. Lower fungi i.e. Chytrids
● `color{Maroon}"Gametangial contact"` : Results in diploid oospores E.g. saprolignia sp
● `color{Maroon}"Gametangial copulation"`: Results in zygospore E.g. mucor sp
● `color{Maroon}"Spermatization"`: E.g. Puccinia
● `color{Maroon}"Somatogamy"`: E.g. Mushrooms
`color{blue} ul(mathtt ("Zoospores"))` : Zoospores arc the motile spores which are thin-walled and flagellated and produced for asexual
reproduction by some aquatic fungi and algae. These are produced in the zoosporangium.
`=>` `color{blue} ul(mathtt ("Aplanospores"))` : Aplanospores are the thin walled, non-motile spores, used for asexual reproduction in many terrestrial fungal species.
`=>` `color{blue} ul(mathtt ("Plasmogamy"))` : Plasmogamy is the process of fusion of the protoplasm of two cells or gametes.
`=>` `color{blue} ul(mathtt ("Karyogamy"))` : It follows plasmogamy. Karyogamy is the process of fusion of two nuclei of two fusing cells or gametes.
`=>` `color{blue} ul(mathtt ("Dikaryon"))` : This stage follows plasmogamy and precedes karyogamy. It ai the stage where a cell contains two genetically different nuclei, brought together by plasmogamy.
`=>` `color{blue} ul(mathtt ("Isogamy"))` : Isogamy is the process in which two physiologically and morphologically similar
gametes fuse with each other.
`=>` `color{blue} ul(mathtt ("Anisogamy"))` : Anisogamy is the process in which two physiologically and/or morphologically dissimilar
gametes fuse with each other.
● Reproduction in fungi can take place by different means. It Includes the vegetative means, asexual reproduction and sexual reproduction.
`star` `color{Violet}"Vegetative Reproduction"`:
Vegetative Reproduction occurs by means of:
● `color{Maroon}"Fragmentation"`: In this, the hyphal forms multiply by fragmentation that occurs either accidentally, or, in other fungi, occurs through the production of oidia or arthrospores. These thin-walled spores arise by cleavage of hyphae through splitting of the septa. E.g. Coccoides sp.
● `color{Maroon}"Fission"`: In this, the cell constricts in the centre and divides into two giving rise to new individuals,as seen in members of monera. E.g. Schizoharomyces
● `color{Maroon}"Budding"`: The buds develop from from the protoplasm of the parent cells and eventually become new individuals. E.g. Sacchaomyces
`star` `color{Violet}"Asexual reproduction"`
● Asexual reproduction through vegetative spores through mycelial fragmentation is commonly seen in many fungal species and adds an advantage as it allows faster dispersal than sexual reproduction.
● Asexual spores after germination result in a new hyphae and thereby a new colony.
They are of the following type:
● `color{Maroon}"Sporangiospores/Aplanospores"`: Such spores are produced in special sacs, known as sporangia. E.g. Rhizopus
● `color{Maroon}"Zoospores"`: Spores are motile are called zoospores and produced in zoosporangium. E.g. Saprolegnia
● `color{Maroon}"Conidia"`: In many fungi, asexual spores are produced from the tips of specialized hyphae. The specialized aerial hyphae are known as conidiophores and. the spores as conidia. E.g. Penicilium
These are diagrammatically described by the following figure.
.
`star` `color{Violet}"Sexual reproduction"` :
● Sexual reproduction is by oospores, ascospores and basidiospores.
●The various spores are produced in distinct structures called fruiting bodies.
The sexual cycle involves the following three steps:
● Fusion of protoplasms between two motile or non-motile gametes called `color{Maroon}"plasmogamy"`.
● Fusion of two nuclei called `color{Maroon}"karyogamy"`.
● Meiosis in zygote resulting in haploid spores.
● When a fungus reproduces sexually, two haploid hyphae of compatible mating types come together and fuse.
● In some fungi the fusion of two haploid cells immediately results in diploid cells (2n).
● However, in other fungi (ascomycetes and basidiomycetes), an intervening dikaryotic stage (n + n i.e. two nuclei per cell) occurs; such a condition is called a dikaryon and the phase is called `color{Maroon}"dikaryophase"` of fungus.
● Later, the parental nuclei fuse and the cells become diploid.
● The fungi form fruiting bodies in which reduction division occurs, leading to formation of haploid spores.
There are mainly 5 modes of sexual reproduction, seen in different classes of the kingdom.
● `color{Maroon}"Planogametic copulation"`: Results in diploid oospores E.g. Lower fungi i.e. Chytrids
● `color{Maroon}"Gametangial contact"` : Results in diploid oospores E.g. saprolignia sp
● `color{Maroon}"Gametangial copulation"`: Results in zygospore E.g. mucor sp
● `color{Maroon}"Spermatization"`: E.g. Puccinia
● `color{Maroon}"Somatogamy"`: E.g. Mushrooms