`color{red}♦` Conditional Probability
`color{red}♦` Properties of conditional probability
`color{red}♦` Conditional Probability
`color{red}♦` Properties of conditional probability
Conditional Probability
`=>` Consider the experiment of tossing three fair coins. The sample space of the experiment is
`color {orange} {S = {"HHH, HHT, HTH, THH, HTT, THT, TTH, TTT"}}`
`=>` Since the coins are fair, we can assign the probability `1/8` to each sample point. Let `E` be the event ‘at least two heads appear’ and `F` be the event ‘first coin shows tail’.
Then `E = {HHH, HHT, HTH, THH}`
and` F = {THH, THT, "TTH, TTT"}`
Therefore` P(E) = P ({HHH}) + P ({HHT}) + P ({HTH}) + P ({THH})`
` =1/8 + 1/8 + 1/8 + 1/8 =1/2`
and` P(F) = P ({THH}) + P ({THT}) + P ({"TTH"}) + P ({"TTT"}) `
`= 1/8 + 1/8 +1/8 + 1/8 = 1/2`
Also` E ∩ F = {THH}`
with` P(E ∩ F) = P({THH}) = 1/8`
`=>` Now, suppose we are given that the first coin shows tail, i.e. F occurs, then what is the probability of occurrence of E? With the information of occurrence of F, we are sure that the cases in which first coin does not result into a tail should not be considered while finding the probability of E. This information reduces our sample space from the set S to its subset F for the event E. In other words, the additional information really amounts to telling us that the situation may be considered as being that of a new random experiment for which the sample space consists of all those outcomes only which are favourable to the occurrence of the event F.
`=>` Now, the sample point of `F` which is favourable to event `E` is `THH.`
`=>` Thus, Probability of E considering F as the sample space =1/4 ,
or Probability of E given that the event F has occurred =1/4
`=>` This probability of the event `E` is called the conditional probability of `E` given that F has already occurred, and is denoted by `P (E/F).`
Thus `P( E|F) = 1/4`
`=>` Note that the elements of F which favour the event E are the common elements of E and F, i.e. the sample points of `E ∩ F.`
`=>` Thus, we can also write the conditional probability of E given that F has occurred as
`p(E|F) = ( text (Number of elementary events favourable to E ∩ F ) )/( text(Number of elementary events which are favourable to F) )`
`color{blue}{= ( n ( (E∩ F) ) )/(n (F) )}`
`=>` Dividing the numerator and the denominator by total number of elementary events of the sample space, we see that `P(E/F)` can also be written as
Note that (1) is valid only when `P(F) ≠ 0` i.e., `F ≠ φ`
Thus, we can define the conditional probability as follows :
`color {blue} "Definition 1"` If E and F are two events associated with the same sample space of a random experiment, the conditional probability of the event E given that F has occurred, i.e. P (E|F) is given by
`P(E|F) = ( P( E ∩ F ) )/(P(F)) ` provided P(F) ≠ 0
`=>` Consider the experiment of tossing three fair coins. The sample space of the experiment is
`color {orange} {S = {"HHH, HHT, HTH, THH, HTT, THT, TTH, TTT"}}`
`=>` Since the coins are fair, we can assign the probability `1/8` to each sample point. Let `E` be the event ‘at least two heads appear’ and `F` be the event ‘first coin shows tail’.
Then `E = {HHH, HHT, HTH, THH}`
and` F = {THH, THT, "TTH, TTT"}`
Therefore` P(E) = P ({HHH}) + P ({HHT}) + P ({HTH}) + P ({THH})`
` =1/8 + 1/8 + 1/8 + 1/8 =1/2`
and` P(F) = P ({THH}) + P ({THT}) + P ({"TTH"}) + P ({"TTT"}) `
`= 1/8 + 1/8 +1/8 + 1/8 = 1/2`
Also` E ∩ F = {THH}`
with` P(E ∩ F) = P({THH}) = 1/8`
`=>` Now, suppose we are given that the first coin shows tail, i.e. F occurs, then what is the probability of occurrence of E? With the information of occurrence of F, we are sure that the cases in which first coin does not result into a tail should not be considered while finding the probability of E. This information reduces our sample space from the set S to its subset F for the event E. In other words, the additional information really amounts to telling us that the situation may be considered as being that of a new random experiment for which the sample space consists of all those outcomes only which are favourable to the occurrence of the event F.
`=>` Now, the sample point of `F` which is favourable to event `E` is `THH.`
`=>` Thus, Probability of E considering F as the sample space =1/4 ,
or Probability of E given that the event F has occurred =1/4
`=>` This probability of the event `E` is called the conditional probability of `E` given that F has already occurred, and is denoted by `P (E/F).`
Thus `P( E|F) = 1/4`
`=>` Note that the elements of F which favour the event E are the common elements of E and F, i.e. the sample points of `E ∩ F.`
`=>` Thus, we can also write the conditional probability of E given that F has occurred as
`p(E|F) = ( text (Number of elementary events favourable to E ∩ F ) )/( text(Number of elementary events which are favourable to F) )`
`color{blue}{= ( n ( (E∩ F) ) )/(n (F) )}`
`=>` Dividing the numerator and the denominator by total number of elementary events of the sample space, we see that `P(E/F)` can also be written as
Note that (1) is valid only when `P(F) ≠ 0` i.e., `F ≠ φ`
Thus, we can define the conditional probability as follows :
`color {blue} "Definition 1"` If E and F are two events associated with the same sample space of a random experiment, the conditional probability of the event E given that F has occurred, i.e. P (E|F) is given by
`P(E|F) = ( P( E ∩ F ) )/(P(F)) ` provided P(F) ≠ 0
Properties of conditional probability
`=>` Let `E` and `F` be events of a sample space `S` of an experiment, then we have
`●color {blue} "Property 1"` ` color {orange} {1 P (S|F) = P(F|F) = 1} `
`⇒ P(E|F) + P (E′|F) = 1` since E and E′ are disjoint events
Thus,` P(E′|F) = 1 − P(E|F)`
Q 3127291181
If `P (A) = 7/13 , P(B) = 9/13` and ` P(A∩ B) = 4/13` , evaluate P(A|B). Class 12 Chapter 13 Example 1
Solution:
We have` P (A | B ) = ( P(A B) )/( P(B) ) = (4/13)/(9/13) = 4/9`
Q 3147291183
A family has two children. What is the probability that both the children are
boys given that at least one of them is a boy ? Class 12 Chapter 13 Example 2
Solution:
Let b stand for boy and g for girl. The sample space of the experiment is
S = {(b, b), (g, b), (b, g), (g, g)}
Let E and F denote the following events :
E : ‘both the children are boys’
F : ‘at least one of the child is a boy’
Then E = {(b,b)} and F = {(b,b), (g,b), (b,g)}
Now E ∩ F = {(b,b)}
Thus `P (F) = 3/4` and `P( E ∩ F ) = 1/4`
Therefore `P ( E | F ) = (P(E∩ F) )/(P(F)) = (1/4)/(3/4) = 1/3`
Q 3177291186
Ten cards numbered 1 to 10 are placed in a box, mixed up thoroughly and
then one card is drawn randomly. If it is known that the number on the drawn card is
more than 3, what is the probability that it is an even number? Class 12 Chapter 13 Example 3
Solution:
Let A be the event ‘the number on the card drawn is even’ and B be the
event ‘the number on the card drawn is greater than 3’. We have to find P(A|B).
Now, the sample space of the experiment is S = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10}
Then A = {2, 4, 6, 8, 10}, B = {4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10}
and A ∩ B = {4, 6, 8, 10}
Also `P(A)= 5/10 , P(B)= 7/10 ` and `P(A ∩ B ) = 4/10`
Then `P(A|B) = (P(A∩ B) )/(P(B)) = (4/10)/(7/10) = 4/7`
Q 3117291189
In a school, there are 1000 students, out of which 430 are girls. It is known
that out of 430, 10% of the girls study in class XII. What is the probability that a student
chosen randomly studies in Class XII given that the chosen student is a girl? Class 12 Chapter 13 Example 4
Solution:
Let E denote the event that a student chosen randomly studies in Class XII
and F be the event that the randomly chosen student is a girl. We have to find P (E|F).
Now P(F) = 430/1000 = 0.43 and P(E∩ F) = 43/1000 = 0.043 (why ? )
A die is thrown three times. Events A and B are defined as below:
A : 4 on the third throw
B : 6 on the first and 5 on the second throw
Find the probability of A given that B has already occurred. Class 12 Chapter 13 Example 5
B = {(6,5,1), (6,5,2), (6,5,3), (6,5,4), (6,5,5), (6,5,6)}
and A ∩ B = {(6,5,4)}.
Now `P(B)= 6/216 ` and ` P (A ∩ B) = 1/216`
Then ` P(A|B) = ( P(A∩ B) )/(P(B)) = (1/216)/(6/216) = 1/6`
Q 3157391284
A die is thrown twice and the sum of the numbers appearing is observed
to be 6. What is the conditional probability that the number 4 has appeared at least
once? Class 12 Chapter 13 Example 6
Solution:
Let E be the event that ‘number 4 appears at least once’ and F be the event
that ‘the sum of the numbers appearing is 6’.
Then, E = {(4,1), (4,2), (4,3), (4,4), (4,5), (4,6), (1,4), (2,4), (3,4), (5,4), (6,4)}
and F = {(1,5), (2,4), (3,3), (4,2), (5,1)}
For the conditional probability discussed above, we have considered the elementary
events of the experiment to be equally likely and the corresponding definition of
the probability of an event was used. However, the same definition can also be used in
the general case where the elementary events of the sample space are not equally
likely, the probabilities P(E∩F) and P(F) being calculated accordingly. Let us take up
the following example.
Q 3117491380
Consider the experiment of tossing a coin. If the coin shows head, toss it
again but if it shows tail, then throw a die. Find the
conditional probability of the event that ‘the die shows
a number greater than 4’ given that ‘there is at least
one tail’. Class 12 Chapter 13 Example 7
Solution:
The outcomes of the experiment can be
represented in following diagrammatic manner called
the ‘tree diagram’.
The sample space of the experiment may be
described as
S = {(H,H), (H,T), (T,1), (T,2), (T,3), (T,4), (T,5), (T,6)}
where (H, H) denotes that both the tosses result into
head and (T, i) denote the first toss result into a tail and
the number i appeared on the die for i = 1,2,3,4,5,6.
Thus, the probabilities assigned to the 8 elementary
events
(H, H), (H, T), (T, 1), (T, 2), (T, 3) (T, 4), (T, 5), (T, 6)
are `1/4 ,1/4,1/12,1/12 ,1/12 ,1/12,1/12,1/12` respectively which is clear from the Fig 13.2.
Let F be the event that ‘there is at least one tail’ and E be the event ‘the die shows
a number greater than 4’. Then
F = {(H,T), (T,1), (T,2), (T,3), (T,4), (T,5), (T,6)}
E = {(T,5), (T,6)} and E ∩ F = {(T,5), (T,6)}
Now P(F) = P({(H,T)}) + P ({(T,1)}) + P ({(T,2)}) + P ({(T,3)})
+ P ({(T,4)}) + P({(T,5)}) + P({(T,6)})
`=1/4 + 1/2 + 1/12+ 1/12+1/2+1/12+1/12 = 3/4`
and P(E ∩ F) = P ({(T,5)}) + P ({(T,6)}) = 1/12 +1/12 =1/6
If `P (A) = 7/13 , P(B) = 9/13` and ` P(A∩ B) = 4/13` , evaluate P(A|B). 
