● `color{violet}("Animals accumulate ammonia, urea")` ,`color{violet}uric acid, carbon dioxide, water"` and ions like `color{violet}(Na^+, K^+, Cl^–)`, phosphate, sulphate, etc., either by `color{violet}("metabolic activities")` or by other means like excess ingestion.
● These substances have to be removed totally or partially.
● `color{brown}("Ammonia, urea and uric acid")` are the major forms of `color{violet}("nitrogenous wastes")` excreted by the `color{violet}("animals.")`
`star` `color{green}("Ammonotelic")`
● `color{violet}("Ammonia")` is the `color{brown}("most toxic")` form and requires large amount of water for its elimination, whereas uric acid, being the `color{brown}("least toxic,")` can be removed with a minimum loss of water.
● The process of excreting `color{violet}("ammonia")` is `color{violet}("𝐴𝑚𝑚𝑜𝑛𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑙𝑖𝑠𝑚.")`
● Many bony `color{violet}("fishes, aquatic amphibians")` and `color{violet}("aquatic insects")` are `color{violet}("𝑎𝑚𝑚𝑜𝑛𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑙𝑖𝑐 ")`in nature.
● `color{violet}("Ammonia,")` as it is readily soluble, is generally excreted by `color{violet}("diffusion across body surfaces")` or through gill surfaces (in fish) as `color{brown}("ammonium ions.")`
● `color{violet}("Kidneys")` do not play any significant role in its removal.
● `color{violet}("Terrestrial adaptation")` necessitated the production of `color{violet}("lesser toxic nitrogenous")` wastes like urea and uric acid for conservation of water.
`star` `color{green}("Ureotelic")`
● `color{violet}("Mammals,")` many `color{violet}("terrestrial amphibians")` and `color{violet}("marine fishes")` mainly excrete urea and are called `color{violet}("𝘶𝘳𝘦𝘰𝘵𝘦𝘭𝘪𝘤")` animals.
● `color{violet}("Ammonia produced")` by `color{violet}("metabolism")` is converted into urea in the `color{brown}("liver")` of these animals and released into the blood which is filtered and excreted out by the `color{violet}("kidneys")`.
● Some amount of urea may be retained in the `color{violet}("kidney matrix")` of some of these `color{violet}("animals")` to maintain a `color{violet}("desired osmolarity.")`
`star` `color{green}("Uricotelic")`
● `color{violet}("Reptiles, birds, land snails")` and insects excrete `color{violet}("nitrogenous wastes")` as uric acid in the form of pellet or paste with a minimum loss of water and are called `color{violet}("𝘶𝘳𝘪𝘤𝘰𝘵𝘦𝘭𝘪𝘤")` animals.
● `color{violet}("Animals accumulate ammonia, urea")` ,`color{violet}uric acid, carbon dioxide, water"` and ions like `color{violet}(Na^+, K^+, Cl^–)`, phosphate, sulphate, etc., either by `color{violet}("metabolic activities")` or by other means like excess ingestion.
● These substances have to be removed totally or partially.
● `color{brown}("Ammonia, urea and uric acid")` are the major forms of `color{violet}("nitrogenous wastes")` excreted by the `color{violet}("animals.")`
`star` `color{green}("Ammonotelic")`
● `color{violet}("Ammonia")` is the `color{brown}("most toxic")` form and requires large amount of water for its elimination, whereas uric acid, being the `color{brown}("least toxic,")` can be removed with a minimum loss of water.
● The process of excreting `color{violet}("ammonia")` is `color{violet}("𝐴𝑚𝑚𝑜𝑛𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑙𝑖𝑠𝑚.")`
● Many bony `color{violet}("fishes, aquatic amphibians")` and `color{violet}("aquatic insects")` are `color{violet}("𝑎𝑚𝑚𝑜𝑛𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑙𝑖𝑐 ")`in nature.
● `color{violet}("Ammonia,")` as it is readily soluble, is generally excreted by `color{violet}("diffusion across body surfaces")` or through gill surfaces (in fish) as `color{brown}("ammonium ions.")`
● `color{violet}("Kidneys")` do not play any significant role in its removal.
● `color{violet}("Terrestrial adaptation")` necessitated the production of `color{violet}("lesser toxic nitrogenous")` wastes like urea and uric acid for conservation of water.
`star` `color{green}("Ureotelic")`
● `color{violet}("Mammals,")` many `color{violet}("terrestrial amphibians")` and `color{violet}("marine fishes")` mainly excrete urea and are called `color{violet}("𝘶𝘳𝘦𝘰𝘵𝘦𝘭𝘪𝘤")` animals.
● `color{violet}("Ammonia produced")` by `color{violet}("metabolism")` is converted into urea in the `color{brown}("liver")` of these animals and released into the blood which is filtered and excreted out by the `color{violet}("kidneys")`.
● Some amount of urea may be retained in the `color{violet}("kidney matrix")` of some of these `color{violet}("animals")` to maintain a `color{violet}("desired osmolarity.")`
`star` `color{green}("Uricotelic")`
● `color{violet}("Reptiles, birds, land snails")` and insects excrete `color{violet}("nitrogenous wastes")` as uric acid in the form of pellet or paste with a minimum loss of water and are called `color{violet}("𝘶𝘳𝘪𝘤𝘰𝘵𝘦𝘭𝘪𝘤")` animals.