`->` At this stage the chromosomes align at the equator and the microtubules from opposite poles of the spindle get attached to the kinetochores of sister chromatids.

`->` It begins with the simultaneous splitting of the centromere of each chromosome (which was holding the sister chromatids together), allowing them to move toward opposite poles of the cell.

`->` Meiosis ends with telophase IL in which the two groups of chromosomes once again get enclosed by a nuclear envelope; cytokinesis follows resulting in the formation of tetrad of cells i.e., four haploid daughter cells.

`->` Zygotic or Initial meiosis :-When the meiosis in life cycle of an organism occurs in zygote cell e.g. in algae , fungi.

`->` Sporic meiosis or Intermediate Meiosis :- Meiosis takes place during spore formation.

eg. all the plants except algae.

`->` Gametic or Terminal Meiosis :-Meiosis during the gamete formation. e.g Animals.

(1) Meiosis is the mechanism by which conservation of specific chromosome number of each species is achieved across generations in sexually reproducing orsjanisms, even though the process (per se paradoxically) results in reduction of chr9mosome number by half.

(2) It also increases the genetic variability in the population of organisms from one generation to the next . Variations are very important for the process of evolution.

`->` Name 'Amitosis' was given by Remake and detail of amitosis is given by Flemming. It is most primitive type ofcell division. Condensation of chromosomes not occurs in amitosis. Chromosomes are not visible during division. It is a process of division without recognizable chromosomes. Amitosis does not involve the formation of spindle. Division of nucleus is direct. i.e. without sequential changes (prophase, metaphase, anaphase & telophase). In amitosis, division of cytoplasm and nucleus occur simultaneously by the constriction. In amitosis division may be equal or unequal. Amitosis is fastest cell division which may complete in 20-30 minute. Amitosis is cell division of prokaryotes. But exceptionaly also occurs in some eukaryotes. eg. yeast-budding occurs by amitosis.

`->` In amoeba multiple fission occurs by amitosis.

`->` In Paramecium division of meganucleus.

`->` In mammals-growth of foetal membranes (amnion, chorion. allantois, yolk sac)

`->` Division of mitochondria and chloroplasts.

`->` In certain plants (Lilium) during leptotene, all chromosomes of a cell are densly clumped to one side and rest of the nucleus has no chromatin material. This event is called synizesis. Its significance is subject of future research .

`->` During the leptotene stage each chromosome is attached to nuclear envelope by attachment plate which is made up of by specific proteins. J\t this time, chromosomes directed to centrosome and appear as Bouquet .

`->` Chiasma formation is the result of crossing over, this is explained by F. A. Janssen with chiasma type theory (or one plane theory)

`->` Generally root tip of onion used for study of mitosis `(2n= 14)`

`->` Chromosome doubling without division of cell can induce by colchicine. This event is called C-mitosis .

`->` In some organisms karyokinesis is not followed by cytokinesis as a resull of which multinucleate condition arises leading to the formatin of syncytium (eg. liquid endosperm in coconut) .

`->` In animals, mitotic cell division is seen only in diploid somatic cells. Against this, the plants can show mitotic division in both haploid and diploid cells.