1. Acne
2. Hypochondria : Most of them are concerned about their health. The eating disorders are abnormal patterns of handling food for fear of obesity and disfigurement of body. These disorders predominantly affect women. They resort to voluntary food restrictions or dieting and try to loose body weight. This disorder is known as anorexia nervosa which may start other types of body complications due to heavy loss of weight.
3. Neurasthenia : It is characterised by the inability to concentrate or enjoy things, and may lead to irritability, fatigue, insomnia, depression and headache.
4. Post-Traumatic stress disorder: It occurs due to rape, robbery or premarital sexual intercourse which results in unwanted pregnancies. Pregnant girls often visit illegal abortion clinics to hide their action and put their life in a great risk.
5. Addiction : Addiction to alcohol, drugs, tobacco smoking and chewing is also common. Advertisements, curiosity, peer-pressure, frustration and depression, feeling of independence, etc, may be some of the reasons for such addictions.
6. Phobias : These are intense fear of things or creatures like snakes, or situations like vast open places closed small chamber, crowded places etc.
Adolescent is a period of rapid physical and psychological changes and they should seek all sorts from their parents. The parents specially mothers should take complete care of their sons and daughters. The approach of parents towards their growing up children should be more friendly and they should able to discuss most of the issues which come in the life of every young individual.
7. Lonelines and Gregariousness

- Because of the perceived benefits, drugs are frequently used repeatedly. The most important thing, which one fails to realise, is the inherent addictive nature of alcohol and drugs.
- Addiction is a psychological attachment to certain effects -such as euphoria and a temporary feeling of well being associated with drugs and alcohol. These drive people to take them even when these are not needed, or even when their use becomes self-destructive.
- With repeated use of drugs, the tolerance level of the receptors present in our body increases. Consequently the receptors respond only to higher doses of drugs or alcohol leading to greater intake and addiction.
- However, it should be clearly borne in mind that use of these drugs even once, can be a fore-runner to addiction.
- Thus, the addictive potential of drugs and alcohol, pull the user into a vicious circle leading to their regular use (abuse) from which he/she may not be able to get out.
- In the absence of any guidance or counselling, the person gets addicted and becomes dependent on their use.
- Dependence is the tendency of the body to manifest a characteristic and unpleasant withdrawal syndrome if regular dose of drugs/alcohol is abruptly discontinued. This is characterised by anxiety, shakiness, nausea and sweating, which may be relieved when use is resumed again. In some cases, withdrawal symptoms can be severe and even life threatening and the person may need medical supervision.
- Dependence leads the patient to ignore all social norms in order to get sufficient funds to satiate his/her needs. These result in many social adjustment problems.

- The immediate adverse effects of drugs and alcohol abuse are manifested in the form of reckless behaviour, vandalism and violence. Excessive doses of drugs may lead to coma and death due to respiratory failure, heart failure or cerebral hemorrhage.
- A combination of drugs or their intake along with alcohol generally results in overdosing and even deaths.

Some addicts use mixtures of drugs to have immediate 'kick' or 'charge'. Simultaneous use of drug (hemp derivatives, barbiturates, aspirin or antihistamines) and alcohol may produce dangerous effects, including death. When barbiturates and alcohol are taken together, each doubles the effect of the other. A mixture of cocaine and heroin, called speed ball, gives spontaneous kick of cocaine and prolonged pleasure of heroin.
The most common warning signs of drug and alcohol abuse among youth include drop in academic performance.
unexplained absence from school/college, lack of interest in personal hygiene, withdrawal, isolation, depression, fatigue, aggressive and rebellious behaviour, deteriorating relationships with family and friends. loss of interest in hobbies, change in sleeping and eating habits, fluctuations in weight, appetite, etc.

# There may even be some far-reaching implications of drug/alcohol abuse. If a abuser is unable to get money to buy drugs/alcohol he/she may turn to stealing. The adverse effects are just not restricted to the person who is using drugs or alcohol. At times, a drug/alcohol addict becomes the cause of mental and financial distress to his/her entire family and friends.

#Those who take drugs intravenously (direct injection into the vein using a needle and syringe), are much more
likely to acquire serious infections like AIDS and hepatitis B. The viruses, which are responsible for these diseases, are transferred from one person to another by sharing of infected needles and syringes. Both AIDS and Hepatitis B infections are chronic infections and ultimately fatal. AIDS can be transmitted to one's life partner through sexual contact while Hepatitis B is transmitted through infected blood.

#The use of alcohol during adolescence may also have long-term effects. It could lead to heavy drinking in adulthood. The chronic use of drugs and alcohol damages nervous system and liver (cirrhosis). The use of drugs and alcohol during pregnancy is also known to adversely affect the foetus.

# Another misuse of drugs is what certain sports-persons do to enhance their performance. They misuse narcotic analgesics, anabolic steroids, diuretics and certain hormones in sports to increase muscle strength and bulk and to promote aggressiveness and as a result increase athletic performance.

#The side-effects of the use of anabolic steroids in females include masculinisation (features like males), increased aggressiveness, mood swings, depression, abnormal menstrual cycles, excessive hair growth on the face and body, enlargement of clitoris, deepening of voice.
In males it includes acne, increased aggressiveness, mood swings, depression, reduction of size of the testicles, decreased sperm production, potential for kidney and liver dysfunction, breast enlargement, premature baldness, enlargement of the prostate gland. These effects may be permanent with prolonged use.

# In the adolescent male or female, severe facial and body acne, and premature closure of the growth
centres of the long bones may result in stunted growth.

- The age-old adage of 'prevention is better than cure' holds true here also.
- It is also true that habits such as smoking, taking drug or alcohol are more likely to be taken up at a young age,
more during adolescence.
Hence, it is best to identify the situations that may push an adolescent towards use of drugs or alcohol, and to take remedial measures well in time. In this regard, the parents and the teachers have a special responsibility. Parenting that combines with high levels of nurturance and consistent discipline, has been associated with lowered risk of substance (alcohol/drugs/tobacco) abuse. Some of the measures mentioned here would be particularly useful for prevention and control of alcohol and drugs abuse among adolescents.

1. Avoid undue peer pressure - Every child has his/her own choice and personality, which should be respected and nurtured. A child should not be pushed unduly to perform beyond his/her threshold limits; be it studies sports or other activities.
2. Education and counselling - Educating and counselling him/ her to face problems and stresses and to accept disappointments and failures as a part of life. It would also be worthwhile to channelise the child's energy into healthy pursuits like sports, reading, music, yoga and other extracurricular activities.
3. Seeking help from parents and peers - Help from parents and peers should be sought immediately so that they can guide appropriately. Help may even be sought from close and trusted friends. Besides getting proper advise to sort out their problems, this would help young to vent their feelings of anxiety and guilt.
4. Looking for danger signs - Alert parents and teachers need to look for and identify the danger signs discussed above. Even friends, if they find someone using drugs or alcohol, should not hesitate to bring this to the notice of parents or teacher in the best interests of the person concerned. Appropriate measures would then be required to diagnose the malady and the underlying causes. This would help in initiating proper remedial steps or treatment.
5. Seeking professional and medical help- A lot of help is available in the form of highly qualified psychologists,
psychiatrists, and deaddiction and rehabilitation programmes to help individuals who have unfortunately got in
the quagmire of drug/alcohol abuse. With such help, the affected individual with sufficient efforts and will-power, can get rid of the problem completely and lead a perfectly normal and healthy life.

Smoking also paves the way to hard drugs. Tobacco has been used by human beings for more than 400 years. It is smoked, chewed or used as a snuff. Tobacco contains a large number of chemical substances including nicotine, an alkaloid. Nicotine stimulates adrenal gland to release adrenaline and nor-adrenaline into blood circulation, both of which raise blood pressure and increase heart rate. Smoking is associated with increased incidence of cancers of lung, urinary bladder and throat, bronchitis, emphysema, coronary heart disease, gastric ulcer, etc. Tobacco chewing is associated with increased risk of cancer of the oral cavity.
Smoking increases carbon monoxide (CO) content in blood and reduces the concentration of haembound oxygen. This causes oxygen deficiency in the body.
When one buys packets of cigarettes one cannot miss the statutory warning that is present on the packing which warns against smoking and says how it is injurious to health. Yet, smoking is very prevalent in society, both among young and old. Knowing the dangers of smoking and chewing tobacco, and its addictive nature, the youth and old need to avoid these habits. Any addict requires counselling and medical help to get rid of the habit.

DISEASES AND DISORDERS OF SMOKING

(1) Lung cancer
(2) Bronchitis - lnflamation in respiratory tract and alveoli.
(3) Emphysema - Deposition of mucous in the alveoli causes decrease in oxygen absorption considerably and thus tension in the alveoli causes the coughing and break in the respiratory surface there by reducing exchange of gases.
(4) Heart disease - Lumen of blood vessels become narrow which increases the blood pressure(Hypertension)
(5) Intestinal ulcer and other irregularities of Gut

(1) Ethyl alcohol is consumed as fermented beverages with low content of alcohol(beer, wine) and as distilled beverages with a relatively high alcohol percentage (Brandy, Rum, Whisky, Gin).
(2) This alcohol is rapidly absorbed from the wall of stomach and enters the blood stream within minutes of ingestion. In the liver alcohol is converted into a more toxic substance acetaldehyde.

EFFECTS OF ALCOHOL DRINKING

(1) Lowering of blood sugar level (Hypoglycemia)
(2) Alcohol drinking affects the cerebellum part of brain so control and coordination of the body affected.
(3) Effects on liver - The liver is the organ most affected by alcohol.
Excess alcohol in the blood causes increase in the synthesis of fat which is deposited in the liver ducts. This results in the "Fatty liver syndrome". The further stages of this are "Liver cirrhosis" and "Billiary cirrhosis diseases". Liver become fibrous.
(4) Amnesia - Loss of memory
(5) Gastritis- It causes the inflammation in the wall of stomach. In chronic cases the gastric ulcers usually develop.
(6) Resistance of the body - Body resistance against disease is reduced.
(7) Alcohol psychosis